PHONOLGY: ENCODING WORDS
First of all, we had a revision on the lecture last week and we kept talking about the topic of that kecture, beacuse we hadn´t finished it last week.
Evidence from East Germanic:
Evidence from North Germanic:
Semantic Change:
-Mechanisms:
->Generalisation
->Specialisation
->Metaphor
- Examples (explain in terms of the mechanisms):
->dog
->deer
->town
->shirt
->hamburger, frankfurter
->...
Word formation - word creation:
- derivation
- compounding
- abbreviation
- sign-meaning similarities:
–> sound symbolism, onomatopoeia
–> synaesthesia
The development and spread of English:
Greek
Finally we started with the topic "Phonology- encoding words" and Mr.Gibbon mentioned the two most important aspects of phonology:
(1) phonemes and syllables, because they are important for the representation of sounds
(2) graphemes are important for the visual encoding
Further he told us, that there are 2 kinds of interpretation:
(1) phonteic interpretation -> pronounciation
(2) ortographic interpretation -> spelling
and he explained us the representation of sounds:
- The prosodic hierarchy:
–> phonemes:
- function: “smallest word-distinguishing segments”
- internal structure: “configuations of distinctive phonetic features”
- external structure (see syllables)
- rendering: “contextual variants”, “allophones”
–> syllables:
- function: “word distinguishing phoneme configurations”
- internal structure: “configurations of sequential features (consonantal, vocalic; voiced, unvoiced; ...) and
simultaneous features (tone, accent)
- external structure (word)
- rendering: a function of the rendering of phonemes
QUIZ:
(1) Find out who or what “Beowulf” is
- an epic poem
- the longest medieval manuscript: 3183 lines
(2) Find the text and a translation
Text (Old English):
Hwæt! We Gardena in geardagum,þeodcyninga, þrym gefrunon,hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon.Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum,monegum mægþum, meodosetla ofteah,egsode eorlas. Syððan ærest wearðfeasceaft funden, he þæs frofre gebad,weox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þah,oðþæt him æghwylc þara ymbsittendraofer hronrade hyran scolde,gomban gyldan. þæt wæs god cyning!Ðæm eafera wæs æfter cenned,geong in geardum, þone god sendefolce to frofre; fyrenðearfe ongeatþe hie ær drugon aldorleaselange hwile. Him þæs liffrea,wuldres wealdend, woroldare forgeaf;Beowulf wæs breme (blæd wide sprang),Scyldes eafera Scedelandum in.Swa sceal geong guma gode gewyrcean,fromum feohgiftum on fæder bearme,þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigenwilgesiþas, þonne wig cume,leode gelæsten; lofdædum sceal in mægþa gehwære man geþeon.Him ða Scyld gewat to gescæphwilefelahror feran on frean wære.Hi hyne þa ætbæron to brimes faroðe,swæse gesiþas, swa he selfa bæd,þenden wordum weold wine Scyldinga;leof landfruma lange ahte.þær æt hyðe stod hringedstefna,isig ond utfus, æþelinges fær.Aledon þa leofne þeoden,beaga bryttan, on bearm scipes,mærne be mæste. þær wæs madma felaof feorwegum, frætwa, gelæded;ne hyrde ic cymlicor ceol gegyrwanhildewæpnum ond heaðowædum,billum ond byrnum; him on bearme lægmadma mænigo, þa him mid scoldonon flodes æht feor gewitan.Nalæs hi hine læssan lacum teodan,þeodgestreonum, þon þa dydonþe hine æt frumsceafte forð onsendonænne ofer yðe umborwesende.þa gyt hie him asetton segen geldenneheah ofer heafod, leton holm beran,geafon on garsecg; him wæs geomor sefa,murnende mod. Men ne cunnonsecgan to soðe, selerædende,hæleð under heofenum, hwa þæm hlæste onfeng.
Translation (Modern English):
Lo, praise of the prowess of people-kingsof spear-armed Danes, in days long sped,we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes,from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore,awing the earls. Since erst he layfriendless, a foundling, fate repaid him:for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve,till before him the folk, both far and near,who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate,gave him gifts: a good king he!To him an heir was afterward born,a son in his halls, whom heaven sentto favor the folk, feeling their woethat erst they had lacked an earl for leaderso long a while; the Lord endowed him,the Wielder of Wonder, with world's renown.Famed was this Beowulf:1 far flew the boast of him,son of Scyld, in the Scandian lands.So becomes it a youth to quit him wellwith his father's friends, by fee and gift,that to aid him, aged, in after days,come warriors willing, should war draw nigh,liegemen loyal: by lauded deedsshall an earl have honor in every clan.Forth he fared at the fated moment,sturdy Scyld to the shelter of God.Then they bore him over to ocean's billow,loving clansmen, as late he charged them,while wielded words the winsome Scyld,the leader beloved who long had ruled....In the roadstead rocked a ring-dight vessel,ice-flecked, outbound, atheling's barge:there laid they down their darling lordon the breast of the boat, the breaker-of-rings,2by the mast the mighty one. Many a treasurefetched from far was freighted with him.No ship have I known so nobly dightwith weapons of war and weeds of battle,with breastplate and blade: on his bosom laya heaped hoard that hence should gofar o'er the flood with him floating away.No less these loaded the lordly gifts,thanes' huge treasure, than those had donewho in former time forth had sent himsole on the seas, a suckling child.High o'er his head they hoist the standard,a gold-wove banner; let billows take him,gave him to ocean. Grave were their spirits,mournful their mood. No man is ableto say in sooth, no son of the halls,no hero 'neath heaven, -- who harbored that freight!
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