GLOSSARY (I´m sorry, but I am not able to make a table with this programme)


A

Abbreviation
An abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short") is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. For example, the word "abbreviation" can itself be represented by the abbreviation "abbr." or "abbrev."

Affix
An affix is a morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word. Affixes may be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed. They are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes.

Allomorph
An allomorph is a linguistics term for a variant form of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound (phonologically) without changing meaning. It is used in linguistics to explain the comprehension of variations in sound for a specific morpheme.

Allophones
In phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds (phones) that belong to the same phoneme. A phoneme is an abstract unit of speech sound that can distinguish words: That is, changing a phoneme in a word can produce another word

Antonym
Antonyms, from the Greek anti ("opposite") and onoma ("name") are word pairs that are opposite in meaning, such as hot and cold, obese and skinny, and up and down.

Applied Text Linguistics
Applied linguistics puts linguistic theories into practice in areas such as foreign language teaching, speech therapy, translation, and speech pathology.

Aspiration
In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.


B

Broad Phonetic Transcription
Phonetic transcription may aim to transcribe the phonology of a language, or it may wish to go further and specify the precise phonetic realisation. In all systems of transcription we may therefore distinguish between broad transcription and narrow transcription. Broad transcription indicates only the more noticeable phonetic features of an utterance


C

Circular Definition
A circular definition is one that assumes a prior understanding of the term being defined. By using the term(s) being defined as a part of the definition, a circular definition provides no new or useful information; either the audience already knows the meaning of the term(s), or the definition is deficient in including the term(s) to be defined in the definition itself.

Circumfix
A circumfix is an affix, a morpheme that is placed around another morpheme.

Concordance
A concordance is an alphabetical list of the principal words used in a book or body of work, with their immediate contexts

Conjunction
In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases, or clauses together.

Contextual definition
A term is defined by putting it in an appropriate way into its context.

Compound(ing)
compound is a word composed of more than one free morpheme.
D
Definition
A definition is a statement of the meaning of a word or phrase.
Answeres the question “what?”

Derivation
In linguistics, derivation is "Used to form new words, as with happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine.

Devoicing
Final obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as German, Dutch, Polish, and Russian, among others. In these languages, voiced obstruents in the syllable coda or at the end of a word become voiceless.

Dictionary
A dictionary is a book of alphabetically listed words in a specific language, with definitions, etymologies, pronunciations, and other information;[1] or a book of alphabetically listed words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon.[1]

Differentia Specifica
Part of a standard dictionary definition. The Differentia Specifica gives specific information about the term which is defined
E
Early Modern English
Early Modern English is the stage of the English language used from about the end of the Middle English period (the latter half of the 15th century) to 1650.

Encyclopedia
An encyclopedia, or, traditionally, encyclopædia, is a comprehensive written compendium that contains information on all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge.

Etymology
Etymology is the study of the history of words — when they entered a language, from what source, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.

Explanation
An explanation is a statement which points to causes, context, and consequences of some object, process, state of affairs, etc., together with rules or laws that link these to the object.
Answeres the question “ why?”

External Structure
Splits the word up into its parts
F
Fricatives
Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.
G
Genus Proximum
Part of a standard dictionary definition. It is a hyperonym of the term which is defined

Grapheme
In typography, a grapheme is the fundamental unit in written language. Graphemes include alphabetic letters, Chinese characters, numerals, punctuation marks, and all the individual symbols of any of the world's writing systems.

Great Vowel Shift
The Great Vowel Shift was a major change in the pronunciation of the English language that took place in the south of England between 1200 and 1600.

Grimm´s Law
Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or the Rask's-Grimm's rule) named for Jacob Grimm, is a set of statements describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stops as they developed in Proto-Germanic (PGmc, the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family) in the 1st millennium BC.
H
Homograph
A homograph is one of a group of words that share the same spelling but have different meanings.

Homonym
In linguistics, a homonym is one of a group of words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings

Homophone
A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning.

Hyperonym
The term Hypernym denotes a word, usually somewhat vague and broad in meaning, that other more specific words fall under or are fairly encompassed by.

Hyponym
In linguistics, a hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic range is included within that of another word.

Hypertext
Any document on the www, f.e. electronic dictionary, blog, e-commerce site, Google…
I
Idioms
An idiom is an expression, that is a term or phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal definitions and the arrangement of its parts, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only through common use.

Indo- European
The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects,[1] including most of the major languages of Europe, the northern Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and much of Central Asia.

Infix
An infix is an affix inserted inside an existing word.

Inflection
In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification or marking of a word (or more precisely lexeme) to reflect grammatical (that is, relational) information, such as gender, tense, number or person.

Internal Structure
Includes the Part of Speech

IPA
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)[I] is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language.
L
Lexeme
A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set of words that are different forms of the same word.

Lexical Morphology
Lexical morphology is the branch of morphology that deals with the lexicon, which, morphologically conceived, is the collection of lexemes in a language. As such, it concerns itself primarily with word-formation: derivation and compounding.

Lexicography
Practical lexicography is the art or craft of compiling, writing and editing dictionaries.
Theoretical lexicography is the scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries. This is sometimes referred to as metalexicography.


Lexicon
In linguistics, the lexicon of a language is its vocabulary, including its words and expressions.

Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied.
M
Macrostructure
The Macrostructure is the organisation of the lexical entries in the body of a dictionary into lists, tree structures, networks

Megastructure
The Megastructure of a dictionary is the entire structure of the dictionary, including the front matter, abbreviations and explanations of grammar, the body of the dictionary

Mesostructure
The Mesostructure is the set of relations between lexical entries and other entries such as other parts of a dictionary or a text corps

Metadata
Metadata are data about data. An item of metadata may describe an individual datum, or content item, or a collection of data including multiple content items.

Metalanguage
In linguistics, a metalanguage is a language used to make statements about other languages (object languages).

Microstructure
The Microstructure is the consitent organisation of lexical information within lexical entries in the dictionary

Middle English
Middle English is the name given by historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of 1066 and the mid-to-late 15th century, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in the 1470s, and slightly later by Richard Pynson. By this time the Northumbrian dialect spoken in south east Scotland was developing into the Scots language. The language of England as spoken after this time, up to 1650, is known as Early Modern English.

Modality
In semiotics, a modality is a particular way in which the information is to be encoded for presentation to humans, i.e. to the type of sign and to the status of reality ascribed to or claimed by a sign, text or genre

Morpheme
In morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning.

Morphology
Morphology is the field of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words
N
Narrow Phonetic Transcription
Phonetic transcription may aim to transcribe the phonology of a language, or it may wish to go further and specify the precise phonetic realisation. In all systems of transcription we may therefore distinguish between broad transcription and narrow transcription. Narrow transcription encodes more information about the phonetic variations of the specific allophones in the utterance

Nucleus
In phonetics and phonology, the nucleus (sometimes called peak) is the central part of the syllable, most commonly a vowel.
O
Object Language
The language which one is talking about; words in dictionaries, spelling, pronunciation, etc.

Obstruent
In phonetics, articulation may be divided into two large classes, obstruents and sonorants. An obstruent is a consonant sound formed by obstructing outward airflow, causing increased air pressure in the vocal tract.

Old English
Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon,[1] Englisc by its speakers) is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and southern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. What survives through writing represents primarily the literary register of Anglo-Saxon. It is a West Germanic language and is closely related to Old Frisian. It also experienced heavy influence from Old Norse, a member of the related North Germanic group of languages.

Onomasiological dictionary
An Onomasiological dictionary is a writer´s dictionary

Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia (occasionally spelled onomateopoeia or onomatopœia) is a word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing, suggesting its source object, such as "click," "clang," "buzz," or animal noises such as "oink," "quack," "flap," "slurp," or "meow."

Ortography
The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific writing system to write the language.

Ostensive definition
An ostensive definition conveys the meaning of a term by pointing out examples.
P
Paradigmatics
Paradigmatic analysis is the analysis of paradigms embedded in the text rather than of the surface structure (syntax) of the text which is termed syntagmatic analysis.

Phonemes
In human language, a phoneme is the smallest structural unit that distinguishes meaning.

Phonetics
Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή (phonê) "sound" or "voice") is the study of the physical sounds of human speech.

Phonology
Phonology (Greek φωνή (phōnē), voice, sound + λόγος (lógos), word, speech, subject of discussion), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages).

Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of the ability of natural language speakers to communicate more than that which is explicitly stated.

Proto- Germanic
Proto-Germanic (or Common Germanic, German Urgermanisch) is the hypothetical common ancestor (proto-language) of all the Germanic languages, which include, among others, modern English, Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic and Swedish.[1] The Proto-Germanic language is not directly attested by any surviving texts, but has been reconstructed using the comparative method.

Prefix
A prefix is the interal portion of some object or term (typically in text or speech) with a distinc and reused meaning that modifies the meaning of the whole object.


Phonetic Transcription
Phonetic transcription (or phonetic notation) is the visual system of symbolization of the sounds occurring in spoken human language. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet (such as the International Phonetic Alphabet).
R
Recursive Definition
A recursive definition or inductive definition is one that defines something in terms of itself (that is, recursively), albeit in a useful way.
S
Semantics
Semantics (Greek sēmantikos, giving signs, significant, symptomatic meaning, from sēma (σῆμα), Sign (semiotics)) refers to aspects of meaning, as expressed in language or other systems of signs.

Semasiological dictionary
A Semsiological Dictionary is a reader´s dictionary

Semiotics
Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of sign processes (semiosis), or signification and communication, signs and symbols, both individually and grouped into sign systems. It includes the study of how meaning is constructed and understood.

Standard dictionary definition
X is a Y kind of Z

Stem
In linguistics, a stem (sometimes also theme) is the part of a word that is common to all its inflected variants. Stems are often roots, i.e. atomic (unanalyzable) lexical morphemes, but a stem can also be morphologically complex, as seen with compound words (cf. the compound nouns meat ball or bottle opener) or words with derivational morphemes

Suffix
In grammar, a suffix or ending is an affix which is placed at the end of a word.

Superfix
In linguistics, a superx is a type of affix where a suprasegmental change (such as tone or stress) modifies an existing morpheme's meaning. In many languages, they are used to differentiate between otherwise identical lexemes, but in some they are used derivationally or inflectionally.

Surface Structure
In the field of linguistics, specifically in syntax, surface structure (abbreviated 'SS' and often called 'S-structure') refers to the mental representation of a linguistic expression, derived from deep structure by transformational rules.

Syllable
A syllable (Ancient Greek: συλλαβή) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. It is typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants).

Synonyms
Synonyms are different words with identical or at least similar meanings.

Syntagmatic/ Syntax
In linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek συν- syn-, “together”, and τάξις táxis, “arrangement”) is the study of the rules that govern the structure of sentences, and which determine their relative grammaticality.
T
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification.

Text Corpora
In linguistics, a corpus (plural corpora) or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts (now usually electronically stored and processed).

Text Linguistics
Text linguistics is a branch of linguistics that deals with texts as communication systems.

Thesaurus
A thesaurus is an indexed compilation of words with similar, related, and opposite meanings: for example, a book of jargon for a specialized field.

Tokenisation
A token is a categorized block of text. The block of text corresponding to the token is known as a lexeme. A lexical analyzer processes lexemes to categorize them according to function, giving them meaning. This assignment of meaning is known as tokenization.

Toponym
Toponymy refers to the scientific study of place-names (toponyms), their origins, meanings, use and typology.
W

Web- Portfolio
A web portfolio gives you an overview about all the terms and contents you have and will come across during the lecture

Website
A website (alternatively, web site or Web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN.

Word
A word is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together, and has a phonetical value. Typically a word will consist of a root or stem and zero or more affixes. Words can be combined to create phrases, clauses, and sentences. A word consisting of two or more stems joined together form a compound. A word combined with another word or part of a word form a portmanteau.





sources: lectures by Mr. Gibbon, www.wikipedia.org